Essay about Conserving Natural Resources Through Hunting

â€Å"Hunting is not part of conservation, it is conservation† says Dr. Jon Hutton, Executive Director of UNEP-WCMC. (25 Reasons Hunting is Conservation) This quotation states that hunting is one of the most beneficial things to improve a population. Conserving natural resources by eliminating a percentage of an overpopulated species helps the natural balance in the environment. If the wolf population goes down, the deer population goes up. If the deer eat all the grass, rabbits and other such herbivorous animals will diminish and kill off all of the predatory creatures that eat the rabbits. Without hunting, balance will never be maintained and the environment will never really be stable and healthy. Hunting should be done to benefit the†¦show more content†¦We also need to know what the consequences would be if we didn’t hunt at all. One way this would not be good in an economic point of view. This nation would then not receive the 1.6 billion dollars that we would normally get every season for tags and permits. Hunters would not be able to fund all the conservation programs that are currently funded by hunters as well. The other aspect is the environmental. Deer populations would be at an all time high causing increase in motorist accidents, increase in the number of predators, a decrease in food, and a highly concentrated population depending on the amount of living area that the deer have in their present location. This would not just be for deer though. This could happen to all animals that have a healthy population. If one population is at an extreme high in an area then there is a population at an extreme low in that same area. For example, bears. Bear’s diets consist of berries, plants, and meat. Therefore, if the population was at a very high level the berries, plants, and deer or elk in the area would be at very low level due to the demand that the bears have for food. Once all of the the deer, elk, berries, and plants start to degenerate the bears will have to fight for living area and food eventually killing off a majority the bearsShow MoreRelatedEncouraging Hunting in Mod ern Society832 Words   |  3 PagesEncouragement of a proper hunting spirit, a proper love of sport, instead of being incompatible with a love of nature and wild things, offers the best guaranty for the preservation of wild things, said Theodore Roosevelt. Many people say that hunting should be discouraged, and that it is no good for the environment or the animals. Hunters and organizations affiliated with the act of hunting are the leading supporters for wildlife management and conservation. Hunting in society should be encouragedRead MoreCongress Must Reform Current Legislation Restrict Bioprospecting On Federal Land, And Regulate The Amount Of Monetary Gain997 Words   |  4 Pagesamount of monetary gain that landholders can receive from bioprospecting companies that use their resources. The National Park Service is a smaller government agency within the Department of Agriculture. This is the agency that is in dire need of legislation to restrict bioprospecting, and manage the profit margin that national parks can receive from allowing bioprospecting companies to use their resources. Observation I – Harms/Significance/Motive The Department of Agriculture manages land ownedRead MoreWhy Hunters Should Not Hunting871 Words   |  4 PagesDue to unethical hunters who use hunting as a front to kill exotic trophy animals, case in point Walter Palmer and Cecil the lion. 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This anti-hunting sentiment comes as a result of poor hunting practices in the past which damaged wildlife populations; however, much has been done since then to improve the practice of hunting. Hunting today both sustains and helps conserve wildlife. Hunting practices today are sustainable because of strictRead MoreThe Intellect Organism Of The Ecosystem Essay1408 Words   |  6 Pagessurvival. On the contrary, we only exist because of nature and ecosystem. Society needs to acknowledge this and start working towards ways to incorporate ecosystem in our daily lives as an essential; one way we can start is by conserving one of earth’s most valuable natural resource, water. What is the one thing humans, plants, and animals all have in common? We all need water in order to survive. Water is essential for the growth of greenery and it keeps all mammals’ bodies working properly. Mammals’Read MoreOverpopulation Is An Unwanted Situation983 Words   |  4 PagesOverpopulation is undoubtedly an unwanted situation wherein the amount of present population surpasses the holding limit of World. Overpopulation is simply instigated through various aspects. Decreased fatality rate, improved healthcare amenities, exhaustion of valuable sources tend to be couple of the leads to overpopulation. Possibly for any sparsely inhabited location to turn into heavily inhabited when not competent to maintain life. Rising developments in technological innovation each and everyRead MoreHistory Of Atlantic Canadian History And Its Impact On Our World1493 Words   |  6 Pagesimpossible in some cases because of the colonial governing structures of Canadian society. Indigenous nations have always had their own ways governing their society. These ancient traditions were passed down to the future generations, even making it through the forces of colonialism. By saying that, it can be understood of the importance and significance it had and has to Indigenous peoples. The re-emergence of Indigenous nations self-governance in law, education, health, and so on is becoming more apparentRead MoreEssay Indigenous People’s View of the Conservation of Resources 1390 Words   |  6 Pagestalk about the indigenous people’s view of the conservation of resources which can also be termed as the traditional ecological knowledge and the economist view of natural resources. Second, I will argue in this essay that by thinking of resources from the traditional ecological point of view, we can better understand why conserving our natural resources is important. I believe that we understanding why conservation of our natural resources is important will go a long way in helping us understand why

Biodiversity Profile of India Free Essays

Biodiversity Profile of India Dr. Md. Sabir Hussain Associate Professor Geography and Major Biomes India occupies 7th position in the world in terms of size and Asia’s second largest nation with an area of 3,287,263 square km. We will write a custom essay sample on Biodiversity Profile of India or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Indian mainland stretches from 8 4†² to 37 6†² N latitude and from 68 7†² to 97 25†² E longitude. It has a land frontier of some 15,200 kms and a coastline of 7,516 km (Government of India, 1985). India’s northern frontiers are with Xizang (Tibet) in the Peoples Republic of China, Nepal and Bhutan.In the north-west, India borders on Pakistan; in the north-east, China and Burma; and in the east, Burma. The southern peninsula extends into the tropical waters of the Indian Ocean with the Bay of Bengal lying to the south-east and the Arabian Sea to the south-west. For administrative purposes India is divided into 24 states and 7 union territories. The country is home to around 846 million people, about 16% of the World’s population (1990 figures). Summary data for India are given.Physically the massive country is divided into four relatively well defined regions – the Himalayan Mountains, the Genetic river plains, the southern (Deccan) plateau, and the islands of Lakshadweep, Andaman and Nicobar. The Himalayas in the far north include some of the highest peaks in the world. The highest mountain in the Indian Himalayas is Kanchenjunga (8586 m) which is located in Sikkim on the border with Nepal. To the south of the main Himalayan massif laid the Lesser Himalaya, rising to 3,600- 4,600 m, and represented by the Pir Panjal in Kashmir and Dhaula dhar in Himachal Pradesh.Further south, flanking the Indo-Gangetic Plain, are the Siwaliks which rise to 900-1,500 m. The northern plains of India stretch from Assam in the east to the Punjab in the west (a distance of 2,400 km), extending south to terminate in the saline swamplands of the Rann of Kachchh (Kutch), in the state of Gujarat. Some of the largest rivers in India including the Ganga (Ganges), Ghaghara, Brahmaputra, and the Yamuna flow across this region. The delta area of these rivers is located at the head of the Bay of Bengal, partly in the Indian tate of west Bengal but mostly in Bangladesh. The plains are remarkably homogenous topographically: for hundreds of kilometres the only perceptible relief is formed by floodplain bluffs, minor natural levees and hollows known as ‘spill patterns’, and the belts of ravines formed by gully erosion along some of the larger rivers. In this zone, variation in relief does not exceed 300 m (FAO/UNEP, 1981) but the uniform flatness conceals a great deal of pedological variety.The agriculturally productive alluvial silts and clays of the G anga-Brahmaputra delta in north-eastern India, for example, contrast strongly with the comparatively sterile sands of the Thar Desert which is located at the western extremity of the Indian part of the plains in the state of Rajasthan. The climate of India is dominated by the Asiatic monsoon, most importantly by rains from the south-west between June and October, and drier winds from the north between December and February. From March to May the climate is dry and hot. Wetlands India has a rich variety of wetland habitats.The total area of wetlands (excluding rivers) in India is 58,286,000ha, or 18. 4% of the country, 70% of which comprises areas under paddy cultivation. A total of 1,193 wetlands, covering an area of about 3,904,543 ha, were recorded in a preliminary inventory coordinated by the Department of Science and Technology, of which 572 were natural (Scott, 1989). India most important wetland areas are shown in. Two sites – Chilka Lake (Orissa) and Keoladeo National Park (Bharatpur) – have been designated under the Convention of Wetlands of International Importance (Ramsar Convention) as being especially significant waterfowl habitats. The country’s wetlands are generally differentiated by region into eight categories (Scott, 1989): the reservoirs of the Deccan Plateau in the south, together with the lagoons and the other wetlands of the southern west coast; the vast saline expanses of Rajasthan, Gujarat and the gulf of Kachchh; freshwater lakes and reservoirs from Gujarat eastwards through Rajasthan (Kaeoladeo Ghana National park) and Madhya Pradesh; the delta wetlands and lagoons of India’s east coast (Chilka Lake); the freshwater marshes of the Gangetic Plain; the floodplain of the Brahmaputra; the marshes and swamps in the hills of north-east India and theHimalayan foothills; the lakes and rivers of the montane region of Kashmir and Ladakh; and the mangroves and other wetlands of the island arcs of the Andamans and Nicobars. Forests India possesses a distinct identity, not only because of its geography, history and culture but also because of the great diversity of its natural ecosystems. The pano rama of Indian forests ranges from evergreen tropical rain forests in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, the Western Ghats, and the north-eastern states, to dry alpine scrub high in the Himalaya to the north.Between the two extremes, the country has semi-evergreen rain forests, deciduous monsoon forests, thorn forests, subtropical pine forests in the lower mountain zone and temperate mountain forests (Lal, 1989). The distribution of the major evergreen forest formations of the region are depicted in. One of the most important tropical forests classifications was developed for Greater India (Champion, 1936) and later republished for present-day India (Champion and Seth, 1968). This approach has proved to have wide application outside India. In it 16 major forests types are recognised, subdivided into 221 minor types. Structure, physiognomy and floristics are all used as characters to define the types. The main areas of tropical forest are found in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands; the Western Ghats, which fringe the Arabian Sea coastline of peninsular India; and the greater Assam region in the north-east. Small remnants of rain forest are found in Orissa state. Semi-evergreen rain forest is more extensive than the evergreen formation partly because evergreen forests tend to degrade to semi-evergreen with human interference.There are substantial differences in both the flora and fauna between the three major rain forest regions (IUCN, 1986; Rodges and Panwar, 1988). The Western Ghats Monsoon forests occur both on the western (coastal) margins of the ghats and on the eastern side where there is less rainfall, shows the distribution of forest in Kerala State, which contains part of the Western Ghats range. These forests contain several tree species of great commercial significance (e. g.Indian rosewood Dalbergia latifolia, Malabar Kino Pterocarpus marsupium, teak and Terminalia crenulata), but they have now been cleared from many areas. In the rain forests there is an enormous number of tree species. At least 60 percent of the trees of the upper canopy are of species which individually contribute not more than one percent of the total number. Clumps of bamboo occur along streams or in poorly drained hollows throughout the evergreen and semi-evergreen forests of south-west India, probably in areas once cleared for shifting agriculture.The tropical vegetation of north-east India (which includes the states of Assam, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram, Tripura and Meghalaya as well as the plain regions of Arunachal Pradesh) typically occurs at elevations up to 900 m. It embraces evergreen and semi-evergreen rain forests, moist deciduous monsoon forests, riparian forests, swamps and grasslands. Evergreen rain forests are found in the Assam Valley, the foothills of the eastern Himalayas and the lower parts of the Naga Hills, Meghalaya, Mizoram, and Manipur where the rain fall exceeds 2300 mm per annum.In the Assam Valley the giant Dipterocarpus macrocarpus and Shorea assamica occur singly, occasionally attaining a girth of up to 7 m and a height of up to 50 m. The monsoon forests are mainly moist sal Shorea robusta forests, which occur widely in this region (IUCN, 1991). The Andamans and Nicobar islands have tropical evergreen rain forests and tropical semi-evergreen rainforests as well as tropical monsoon moist monsoon forests (IUCN, 1986). The tropical evergreen rain forest is only slightly less grand in stature and rich in species than on the mainland.The dominant species is Dipterocarpus grandiflorus in hilly areas, while Dipterocarpus kerrii is dominant on some islands in the southern parts of the archipelago. The monsoon forests of the Andamans are dominated by Pterocarpus dalbergioides and Terminalia spp. Marine Environment The nearshore coastal waters of India are extremely rich fishing grounds. The total commercial marine catch for India has stabilised over the last ten years at between 1. 4 and 1. 6 million tonnes, with fishes from the clupeoid group (e. g. sardines Sardinella sp. , Indian shad Hilsa sp. and whitebait Stolephorus sp. accounting for approximately 30% of all landings. In 1981 it was estimated that there were approximately 180,000 non-mechanised boats (about 90% of India’s fishing fleet) carrying out small-scale, subsistence fishing activities in these waters. At the same time there were about 20,000 mechanised boats and 75 deep-sea fishing vessels operating mainly out of ports in the states of Maharashtra, Kerala, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. Coral reefs occur along only a few sections of the mainland, principally the Gulf of Kutch, off the southern mainland coast, and around a number of islands opposite Sri Lanka.This general absence is due largely to the presence of major river systems and the sedimentary regime on the continental shelf. Elsewhere, corals are also found in Andaman, Nicobar, and Lakshadweep Island groups although their diversity is reported to be lower than in south-east India (UNEP/IUCN, 1988). Indian coral reefs have a wide range of resources which are of commercial value. Exploitation of corals, coral debris and coral sands is widespread on the Gulf of Mannar and Gulf of Kutch reefs, while ornamental shells, chanks and pearl oysters are the basis of an important reef industry in the south of India.Sea fans and seaweeds are exported for decorative purposes, and there is a spiny lobster fishing industry along the south-east coast, notably at Tuticorin, Madras and Mandapam Commercial exploitation of aquarium fishes from Indian coral reefs has gained importance only recently and as yet no organised effort has been made to exploit these resources. Reef fisheries are generally at the subsistence level and yields are unrecorded. Other notable marine areas are sea grass beds, which although not directly e xploited are valuable as habitats for commercially harvested species, particularly prawns, and mangrove stands.In the Gulf of Mannar the green tiger prawn Penaeus semisulcatus is extensively harvested for the export market. Sea grass beds are also important feeding areas for the dugong Dugong dugon, plus several species of marine turtle. Five species of marine turtle occur in Indian waters: Green turtle Chelonia mydas, Loggerhead Caretta caretta, Olive Ridley Lepidochelys olivacea, Hawksbill Eretmochelys imbricata and Leatherback Dermochelys coriacea. Most of the marine turtle populations found in the Indian region are in decline.The principal reason for the decrease in numbers is deliberate human predation. Turtles are netted and speared along the entire Indian coast. In south-east India the annual catch is estimated at 4,000-5,000 animals, with C. mydas accounting for about 70% of the harvest. C. caretta and L. olivacea are the most widely consumed species (Salm, 1981). E. imbricata is occasionally eaten but it has caused deaths and so is usually caught for its shell alone. D. coriacea is boiled for its oil which is used for caulking boats and as protection from marine borers. Incidental netting is widespread.In the Gulf of Mannar turtles are still reasonably common near seagrass beds where shrimp trawlers operate, but off the coast of Bengal the growing number of mechanized fishing boats has had the effect of increasing incidental catch rates (Kar and Bhaskar, 1981), shows known turtle nesting areas in the Andaman Islands. Biodiversity Species Diversity India contains a great wealth of biological diversity in its forests, its wetlands and in its marine areas. This richness is shown in absolute numbers of species and the proportion they represent of the world total (see Table 1). Table 1.Comparison Between the Number of Species in India and the World. Group Number of species Number of species SI/SW in India (SI) in the world (SW) (%) ____________________________________________________________ _________ Mammals 350(1) 4,629(7) 7. 6 Birds 1224(2) 9,702(8) 12. 6 Reptiles 408(3) 6,550(9) 6. 2 Amphibians 197(4) 4,522(10) 4. 4 Fishes 2546(5) 21,730(11) 11. Flowering Plants 15,000(6) 250,000(12) 6. 0 ____________________________________________________________ _________ Table 1 India has a great many scientific institutes and university departments interested in various aspects of biodiversity. A large number of scientists and technicians have been engaged in inventory, research, and monitoring. The general state of knowledge about the distribution and richness of the country’s biological resources is therefore fairly good. Inventories of birds, mammals, trees, fish and reptiles are moderately complete.Knowledge of special interest groups such as primates, pheasants, bovids, endemic birds, orchids, and so on, is steadily improving through collaboration of domestic scientists with those from overseas. The importance of these biological resources cannot be overestimated for the continued welfare of India population. Endemic Species India has many endemic plant and vertebrate species. Among plants, species endemism is estimated at 33% with c. 140 endemic genera but no endemic families (Botanical Survey of India, 1983). Areas rich in endemism are north-east India, the Western Ghats and the north-western and eastern Himalayas.A small pocket of local endemism also occurs in the Eastern Ghats (MacKinnon MacKinnon, 1986). The Gangetic plains are generally poor in endemics, while the Andaman and Nicobar Islands contribute at least 220 species to the endemic flora of India (Botanical Survey of India, 1983). WCMC’s Threatened Plants Unit (TPU) is in the preliminary stages of cataloguing the world’s centres of plant diversity; approximately 150 botanical sites worldwide are so far recognised as important for conservation action, but others are constantly being identified (IUCN, 1987).Five locations have so far been issued for India: the Agastyamalai Hills, Silent Valley and New Amarambalam Reserve and Periyar National Park (all in the Western Ghats), and the Eastern and Western Himalaya. The 396 known endemic higher vertebrate species identified by WCMC. Endemism among mammals and birds is r elatively low. Only 44 species of Indian mammal have a range that is confined entirely to within Indian territorial limits. Four endemic species of conservation significance occur in the Western Ghats.They are the Lion-tailed macaque Macaca silenus, Nilgiri leaf monkey Trachypithecus johni (locally better known as Nilgiri langur Presbytis johnii), Brown palm civet Paradoxurus jerdoni and Nilgiri tahr Hemitragus hylocrius. Only 55 bird species are endemic to India, with distributions concentrated in areas of high rainfall. These areas, mapped by Birdlife International (formerly the International Council for Bird Preservation) are shown in. They are located mainly in eastern India along the mountain chains where the monsoon shadow occurs, south-west India (the Western Ghats), and the Nicobar and Andaman Islands (ICBP, 1992).In contrast, endemism in the Indian reptilian and amphibian fauna is high. There are around 187 endemic reptiles, and 110 endemic amphibian species. Eight amphibian genera are not found outside India. They include, among the caecilians, Indotyphlus, Gegeneophis and Uraeotyphlus; and among the anurans, the toad Bufoides, the microhylid Melanobatrachus, and the frogs Ranixalus, Nannobatrachus and Nyctibatrachus. Perhaps most notable among the endemic amphibian genera is the monotypic Melanobatrachus which has a single species known only from a few specimens collected in the Anaimalai Hills in the 1870s (Groombridge, 1983).It is possibly most closely related to two relict genera found in the mountains of eastern Tanzania. Threatened Species India contains 172 species of animal considered globally threatened by IUCN, or 2. 9% of the world’s total number of threatened species (Groombridge, 1993). These include 53 species of mammal, 69 birds, 23 reptiles and 3 amphibians. A full list of these species is given in. India contains globally important populations of some of Asia’s rarest animals, such as the Bengal Fox, Asiatic Cheetah, Marbled Cat, Asiatic Lion, Indian Elephant, Asiatic Wild Ass, Indian Rhinoceros, Markhor, Gaur, Wild Asiatic Water Buffalo etc.The number of species in various taxa that are listed under the different categories of endangerment is shown below in Table 2. Table 2. Globally Threatened Animals Occurring in India by status Category. Group 1994 IUCN Red List Threat Category Endangered Vulnerable Rare Indeterminate Insufficiently TOTAL Known ____________________________________________________________ __________________________________Mammals 13 20 2 5 13 53 Birds 6 20 25 13 5 69 Reptiles 6 6 4 5 2 23 Amphibians 0 0 0 3 0 3 Fishes 0 0 2 0 0 2 Invertebrates 1 3 12 2 4 22 ____________________________________________________________ _________________ _______________ TOTAL 26 49 45 28 24 172 Source: Groombridge, B. (ed). 1993. The 1994 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. lvi + 286 pp. A workshop held in 1982 indicated that as many as 3,000-4,000 higher plants may be under a degree of threat in India.Since then, the Project on Study, Survey and conservation of Endangered species of Flora (POSSCEP) has partially documented these plants, and published its findings in Red Data Books (Nayar and Sastry, 1987, Table 3 provides summary statistics for this information. Table 3. Summary of Plant conservation status Information at WCMC. IUCN Threat category Number of species _____________________________________________ Extinct 19 Extinct/Endangered 43 Endangered 149Endangered/Vulnerable 2 Vulnerable 108 Rare 256 Indeterminate 719 Insufficiently Known 9 No information 1441 Not threatened 374 _____________________________________________ TOTAL 3120 Source: WCMC Species Unit. Protected Areas Network Development and History The protection of wildlife has a long tradition in Indian history.Wise use of natural resources was a prerequisite for many hunter-gatherer societies which date back to at least 6000 BC. Extensive clearance of forests accompanied the advance of agricultural and pastoral societies in subsequent millennia, but an awareness of the need for ecological prudence emerged and many so-called pagan nature conservation practices were retained. As more and more land became settled or cultivated, so these hunting reserves increasingly became ref uges for wildlife. Many of these reserves were subsequently declared as national parks or sanctuaries, mostly after Independence in 1947.Examples include Gir in Gujarat, Dachigam in Jammu Kashmir, Bandipur in Karnataka, Eravikulum in Kerala, Madhav (now Shivpuri) in Madhya Pradesh, Simlipal in Orissa, and Keoladeo, Ranthambore and Sariska in Rajasthan. Wildlife, together with forestry, has traditionally been managed under a single administrative organisation within the forest departments of each state or union territory, with the role of central government being mainly advisory. There have been two recent developments.First, the wildlife (Protection) Act has provided for the creation of posts of chief wildlife wardens and wildlife wardens in the states to exercise statutory powers under the Act. Under this Act, it is also mandatory for the states to set up state wildlife advisory boards. Secondly the inclusion of protection of wild animals and birds in the concurrent list of the constitution, has pro ved the union with some legislative control over the states in the conservation of wildlife (Pillai, 1982). The situation has since improved all states and union territories with national parks or sanctuaries having set up wildlife wings.The adoption of a National Policy for wildlife conservation in 1970 and the enactment of the wildlife (Protection) Act in 1972 lead to a significant growth in the protected areas network, from 5 national parks and 60 sanctuaries to 69 and 410 respectively, in 1990 (Panwar, 1990). The network was further strengthened by a number of national conservation projects, notably Project Tiger, initiated in April 1973 by the Government of India with support from WWF (IBWL, 1972; Panwar, 1982), and the crocodile Breeding and Management Project, launched on 1 April, 1975 with technical assistance from UNDP/FAO (Bustard, 1982).Protected Areas of the Western Ghats The Western Ghats are a chain of highlands running along the western edge of the Indian subcontinent, from Bombay south to the southern tip of the peninsula, through the states of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kera la and Tamil Nadu. Covering an estimated area of 159,000 sq. km, the Western Ghats are an area of exceptional biological diversity and conservation interest, and are â€Å"one of the major Tropical Evergreen Forest regions in India† (Rodgers and Panwar, 1988).As the zone has already lost a large part of its original forest cover (although timber extraction from the evergreen reserve forests in Kerala and Karnataka has now been halted) it must rank as a region of great conservation concern. The small remaining extent of natural forest, coupled with exceptional biological richness and ever increasing levels of threat (agriculture, reservoir flooding plantations, logging and over exploitation), are factors which necessitate major conservation inputs. † There are currently seven national parks in the Western Ghats with a total area of 2,073 sq. m (equivalent to 1. 3% of the region) and 39 wildlife sanctuaries covering an area of about 13,862 sq. km (8. 1%). The management status of the wildlife sanctuaries in this part of India varies enormously. Tamil Nadu’s Nilgiri wildlife sanctuary, for example, has no human inhabitants, small abandoned plantation areas and no produce exploitation, while the Parambikulam wildlife sanctuary in Kerala includes considerable areas of commercial plantations and privately owned estates with heavy resource exploitation. International Programmes and ConventionsIndia participates with many international agreements and programmes concerned with aspects of nature conservation and sustainable development. These range from legal instruments such as the Convention on Biological Diversity, which place obligations on those nations which become contracting parties, to scientific programmes such as the UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Programme, a global programme of international scientific cooperation. Examples of agreements and programmes with which India is collaborating include: Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES)Since India became a party to CITES on 18th October 1976 it has provided data annually to the CITES secretariat on the trade of endangered species through its CITES Management Authority. The text of the CITES convention along with the CITES appendices are provided. World Heritage Convention India ratified the world heritage convention in 1977 and since then five natural sites have been inscribed as areas of ‘outstanding universal value’. These sites are: †¢KazirangaNational Park †¢Keoladeo National Park †¢Manas National Park †¢Sunderbans National Park †¢Nanda Devi National Park Convention on Biological DiversityIndia signed the convention on biological diversity on 5th June 1992, ratified it on 18th February 1994 and brought it into force on 19th May 1994. This convention will provide a framework for the sustainable management and conservation of India’s natural resources. Ramsar (Wetlands) Convention India has been a contracted party to the Ramsar convention since 1st February 1982. India has now six sites covering some 192,973 hectares of important wetlands. How to cite Biodiversity Profile of India, Papers

Lindy Hop free essay sample

How the Lindy hop received its name is debatable. Many believe the name came from a headline in the newspaper about Charles Lindbergh’s famous flight to Paris in 1927 and others believe it was named after a woman named Lindy. Regardless of how the Lindy Hop received its name, the new fast paced dance quickly became an American phenomenon. By the mid 1920’s the Lindy Hop became known as the Jitterbug . The Lindy Hop was created by African Americans whom added their own tap dance style and Charleston style into a new joyful dance. Not only was it fun to perform, but spectators enjoyed watching the best Lindy Hop dancers. During the late 1920’s, Harlem, New York, was a predominately African American area in New York, although managed to bring white people from other parts of the city to the Savoy ballroom to watch African Americans perform the Lindy Hop. The entertainment factor added an even wilder, energetic, and spontaneous moves which eventually evolved into the overall dance. We will write a custom essay sample on Lindy Hop or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Lindy Hop consisted of a 6 or 8 count steps but also â€Å"shine† steps which allowed the dancer to improvise. The Savoy Ballroom opened its doors on March 12, 1926 in Harlem, NY on Lenox Avenue. Owned by a Jewish man named Moe Gale and managed by an African American man named Charles Buchanan, the two businessmen created the first racially integrated public places in the U. S. during a time when the country was very segregated. Nicknamed the â€Å"World’s finest Ballroom† the Savoy was equipped with lavish amenities like plush carpeting large mirrors, and luxurious lounges that stretched throughout the venue. Located in a two story building the main floor housed the entrance or lobby. Upstairs contained the ballroom which included two bandstands, spring loaded wooden floors, and colored spotlights. A staff of 90 employees could serve up to 5,000 patrons on a busy night. During the 1930’s, the Lindy Hop, known during this period as the Jitterbug, became a staple in American society. The Big Bands from across the nation would come to the Savoy to perform jazz for the best dancers in New York. Legends such as Cab Calloway, Duke Ellington, Count Basie, and Chick Webb would alternate sets at the Savoy. The sets turned into what would be known as the â€Å"Battle of the Bands†. Saturday night competitions pushed the limits of the Lindy Hop to greater levels. New steps were born every day which refined the Lindy Hop over time. The people responsible for being early leaders in refining the phenomenon were â€Å"Shorty† George Snowden and his partner Big Bea, Leroy â€Å"stretch† Jones and his partner Little Bea, and â€Å"Twistmouth† George Ganaway and his partner Edith Matthews.

Write Your Biomedical Science Personal Statement Essay Example

Write Your Biomedical Science Personal Statement Essay Biomedical science students pursuing advance studies hardly ever worry about any intricate formulas or equations, however, they do get panic-stricken quite easily when they are asked by the admission board of a college to prepare a personal statement. Basically these statements are used to impress the admission board and increase the chances of gaining admission into the university you want. Nonetheless, there are some valuable guidelines which can help students in preparing an impressive biomedical science personal statement. Get in touch with the admission department of different biomedical science universities and acquire some guidelines for writing the statement. Review each guideline carefully in order to determine whether you have to stick with the specified format for the personal statement or you can use your own. If they strictly order you to stick with their specified guideline, you have to adhere to their specification, otherwise the board may reject your statement. Also check the given word limit for the statement. Analyze the guidelines and understand what the admission board really wants in an applicant’s personal statement. Make a list of some reasons that tell the readers why you would make an excellent PhD candidate in the field of biomedical science. Ask your parents, friends or other family members to do the same on your behalf. They will most likely include those qualities or experience that you might be unpretentious to include in the statement. Make notes of those people who have inspired you to pursue this field. Create a personal statement outline keeping in view the specifications or guidelines of the university which you are applying to. Remember that you have to create a new outline for each university because it is highly likely that their guidelines may differ. By having an outline you will be able to stick with the format and instructions as specified in the guideline. Develop your biomedical science personal statement by mentioning the extracurricular activities which you have partaken. For instance, volunteering at a local hospital for a week or month under the supervision of a gerontologist and striving how to improve the healthcare facilities for old age people demonstrates the admission board that you are seriously dedicated to the biomedical science field and you take your responsibilities very sincerely. In the next paragraph talk a little about how your academic grades relate to your interest and dedication with their field. Talk about your aspiration such as you find it very interesting to read the fascinating work of Roger Watson. Do not hesitate to talk about your schooling experience as it will prove crucial at University where patience is most needed. In the subsequent paragraph talk about your other hobbies or interest. For example, you partake in different sports like tennis, football or swimming. Revise the final draft of the biomedical science personal statement and submit it to the board after ensuring that it is error-free. Keep your personal statement accurate and to the point. While revising, omit any unnecessary sentences that are not interesting or irrelevant. We will write a custom essay sample on Write Your Biomedical Science Personal Statement specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Write Your Biomedical Science Personal Statement specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Write Your Biomedical Science Personal Statement specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

I Stand Here Ironing Analysis Freshmen English Essay Example

I Stand Here Ironing Analysis Freshmen English Essay Example I Stand Here Ironing Analysis Freshmen English Essay I Stand Here Ironing Analysis Freshmen English Essay Short Story Essay There were three things that affected the overall mood of the short story I Stand Here Ironing. The choice of perspective, which was first person, played a major factor. The mood was also influenced by various methods of characterization used by Olsen in the story. The last thing that affected the mood was different stereotypes that were incorporated into the story. The overall mood of the story was remorseful. The perspective greatly impacted the mood throughout the course of the story. Most of the story happened in the mother’s mind. Even though this doesn’t actually affect the mood of the story, the story would have never made sense without a first person perspective. Also, you can tell her emotions when she has the flashbacks, like when she tells of something she wishes she had done for Emily, you can tell she feels guilty. â€Å"What in me demanded this goodness? And what was the cost, the cost to her of such goodness† (Olsen 211). â€Å"Twice, only twice, when I had to get up for Susan anyhow, I went in to sit with her† (Olsen 212). This shows that the mother wishes she had been a better parent for Emily. This is how the perspective of the story affected the mood in the short story I Stand Here Ironing. The different methods of characterization Olsen used to describe her characters also influenced the mood of the story. Emily was described as a dark-haired, thin girl who was reserved and almost never smiled. The mom feels like this is her fault and if she had given the girl more reassurance she would have smiled more and not felt so bad about how she looked. Months later she told me how she had taken pennies from my purse to buy him candy. ‘Licorice was his favorite and I brought him some every day, but he still liked Jennifer better’n me. Why Mommy† (Olsen 213). The mom felt guilty that she hadn’t encouraged Emily’s talents instead of frowning upon her faults. Most of all, she just wishes she had followed her own maternal instinct instead of just going by the book. Those are the ways that methods of characterization affected the mood in the story. The last thing that played a major factor in determining the mood of this story was all the different stereotypes weaved into the story-line. One stereotype was that the mother was the typical â€Å"young mother†, always listening to exactly what the books say. â€Å"Though her cries battered me to trembling and my breast ached with swollenness, I waited till the clock decreed† (Olsen 210). When the mother was with the other children, she waited until she thought it was long enough, not just going by the book. She also let other people talk her into making bad decisions for Emily. â€Å"They persuaded me at the clinic to send her away to a convalescent home in the country† (Olsen 212). Also, as the family grew, Emily had to help more and more. â€Å"I was working, there were four smaller ones now, there was not time for her. She had to help be a mother, and housekeeper, and shopper† (Olsen 214). As the mother had more children, she grew wiser. â€Å"She kept too much in herself; her life has been such she had to keep too much in herself. My wisdom came too late† (Olsen 215). As for Emily, she was the complete opposite of the stereotype that all girls at that time should be â€Å"a chubby blonde replica of Shirley Temple† (Olsen 213). The mother never comforted her about this and wished that she had. This is how stereotypes influenced the mood of the story. I Stand Here Ironing had a very remorseful mood. The mother was inexperienced and often put Emily in situations that she shouldn’t have put her in. She was extremely guilty about this and has regretted it ever since.

Thirty Years War Battle of Rocroi

Thirty Years' War Battle of Rocroi In early 1643, the Spanish launched an invasion of northern France with the goal of relieving pressure on Catalonia and Franche-Comtà ©. Led by General Francisco de Melo, the mixed army of Spanish and Imperial troops crossed the border from Flanders and moved through the Ardennes. Arriving at the fortified town of Rocroi, de Melo laid siege. In an effort to block the Spanish advance, the 21-year old Duc de dEnghien (later the Prince of Conde), moved north with 23,000 men. Receiving word that de Melo was at Rocroi, dEnghien moved to attack before the Spanish could be reinforced. Summary Approaching Rocroi, dEnghien was surprised to find that the roads to the town were not defended. Moving through a narrow defile flanked by woods and marsh, he deployed his army on a ridge overlooking the town with his infantry in the center and cavalry on the flanks. Seeing the French nearing, de Melo formed up his army in a similar fashion between the ridge and Rocroi. After camping overnight in their positions, the battle began early on the morning of May 19, 1643. Moving to strike the first blow, dEnghien advanced his infantry and the cavalry on his right. As the fighting began, the Spanish infantry, fighting in their traditional tercio (square) formations gained the upper hand. On the French left, the cavalry, despite dEnghiens orders to hold their position charged forward. Slowed by soft, marshy ground, the French cavalrys charge was defeated by the German cavalry of Grafen von Isenburg. Counterattacking, Isenburg was able to drive the French horsemen from the field and then moved to assault the French infantry. This strike was blunted by the French infantry reserve which moved forward to meet the Germans. While the battle was going poorly on the left and center, dEnghien was able to achieve success on the right. Pushing Jean de Gassions cavalry forward, with support from musketeers, dEnghien was able to rout the opposing Spanish cavalry. With the Spanish horsemen swept from the field, dEnghien wheeled Gassions cavalry around and had them strike the flank and rear of de Melos infantry. Charging into the ranks of German and Walloon infantry, Gassions men were able to force them to retreat. As Gassion was attacking, the infantry reserve was able to break Isenburgs assault, compelling him to retire. Having gained the upper hand, by 8:00 AM dEnghien was able to reduce de Melos army to its vaunted Spanish tercios. Surrounding the Spanish, dEnghien pummeled them with artillery and launched four cavalry charges but was unable to break their formation. Two hours later, dEnghien offered the remaining Spanish terms of surrender similar to those given to a besieged garrison. These were accepted and the Spanish were permitted to depart the field with their colors and weapons. Aftermath The Battle of Rocroi cost dEnghien around 4,000 dead and wounded. Spanish losses were much higher with 7,000 dead and wounded as well as 8,000 captured. The French victory at Rocroi marked the first time the Spanish had been defeated in a major land battle in nearly a century. Though they had failed to crack, the battle also marked the beginning of the end for the Spanish tercio as a favored fighting formation. After Rocroi and the Battle of the Dunes (1658), armies began shifting to more linear formations. Selected Sources: The French Phase of the Thirty Years WarFrance and the Thirty Years War

A formal business letter to the Chief Executive of Arsenal FC Essay

A formal business letter to the Chief Executive of Arsenal FC - Essay Example The major external environment forces include; Based on the PESTEL model, Economy is one of the external forces that influence business practices of Arsenal. Change in the UK economy may present both the positive and the negative results to Arsenalii. Therefore, business activities and strategies used by the club should acknowledge the influence of UK economy in the club’s business activities. Growth in economy may present various opportunities to the club. On the other hand, decline in economic growth during instances of recession affects the club’s business objectives in a negative manner. Favorable economic environment is strength to the club. Arsenal generates a substantial amount of income from match ticket sales. In 2011, the audit company, Deloitte, ascertained that the club earned  £93.1 million from ticket sales. With respect to the underlying external factor, ticket purchases depend on the prevailing economic environment. Recession results in low ticket sales. On the other hand, a boom in economy increases ticket sales; hence a subsequent increase in ticket revenue. In addition, economy affects the club’s commercial activities. Sale of property and other merchandise depends on the state of UK economy. Since the club owns property, which includes houses, recession results in poor sales of property. On the other hand, improvement of economy makes fans to buy more merchandise and homes. Finally, the UK economic environment influences player value whereby growth in economy results in a subsequent increase in player value. Consequently, the club may not be in a position to sustain quality players due to exorbitant wagesiii. Technology is another external force that influence business practices of Arsenal. In the contemporary business platform, technology plays a significant role in communication. In this regard, Arsenal adopts modern technological tools in conducting some of the business

How does the media shape our perception of crime and the criminal Research Paper

How does the media shape our perception of crime and the criminal justice system - Research Paper Example The media have a role in informing and even educating the public about such themes, but it must always be remembered that this is not the only, and often not the primary, function of mass media. Media exist in a business world where they must generate revenue, and they are driven by market forces as much as ethics and attention to veracity and an accurate representation of reality. Against this background it is important to ask the question whether, and in what way the mass media change people’s perception of crime and whether this increases their own fear of crime occurring in their own personal sphere. A number of empirical studies, mostly based in the United States of America, have tried to pin down exactly what the effects of media are on people’s perceptions of crime and the criminal justice system. ... al news does have an effect on people, but that â€Å"when the news is closer to the everyday lives of the viewers, it will have more input to their fears,† (Chiricos, Padgett and Gertz: 2000, p. 779) The frequency of viewing local news was found to be significant for viewers’ fear of crime and the authors note that a preoccupation with violent crime in local news is doubly harmful for residents in high crime areas because it resonates with them much more than with residents in affluent and low crime areas, who see it as something distant which does not affect them. Another large study looked at differences in the way that local news media, and especially local television, depict urban and suburban crime, in a sample of 7,667 local news stories drawn from the whole of the United States. (Yanich: 2004, p. 541) This study is important because it provides statistical evidence of the proportion of news broadcasting time devoted to crime (around 28%), which makes it the pred ominant or second-most frequent story in all of the newscasts. When the crime reporting was analysed further, it transpired that court stories were prominent, 35-38% which is explained by the relative ease of obtaining information in the local area, the cost-saving ability to use material from previous reporting of the actual crime, and, significantly, â€Å"court stories offer court news as miniseries – the media trial – in which the media co-opt the criminal justice system as a source of high drama and entertainment. (Yanich: 2004, p. 544) Yanich also observed a phenomenon which he describes as â€Å"crime creep† whereby crimes occurring in suburban areas are more often reported than crimes occurring in urban areas, using a motif of advancing waves of crime spreading out from the core city to the

Soft drink Essay Example for Free

Soft drink Essay The use of energy drinks in the United States has increased more than the controversial consumption of regular sodas. According to Coca-Cola executives, profits from energy products since 2005 through 2008 will total $540 million, compared with $210 million for regular soft drinks, $130 million for bottled water and $290 million for sports drinks (Warner). So what is it about this drinks that make them more popular than our pure and vital water? The answer is very simple; our hectic lifestyles. Today’s society is filled with exhaustion and high stress levels; many people rely on energy drinks to give them that second wind, which helps them stay awake through a test, and even revive them for a party. According to Simmons Research, thirty-one percent of teenagers in the United States say they drink energy drinks on a regular basis. People use energy drinks to boost their energy so they can be able to perform better, but because energy drinks contain ingredients that harm the human body they should be banned all over the world. There are some factors that increase the popularity of energy drinks. For example the easy to grab structure in which they are packed. The small container makes it quick to drink down, and the smaller scale gives the impression that the contents are more concentrated, which attracts the consumer even more. The color of the energy drinks is another reason for their popularity; a combination of bright and vivid colors such as acidic greens and yellows, black and red suggest a sense of energy and high performance. The mystery flavor in energy drinks is another reason why these drinks are consumed in excess. Compared to a typical juice offering, there is little or nothing about energy drink packaging to tell the consumer what the product tastes like. Instead, the graphic emphasis is more on the consumers sensibilities and attitude than flavor or thirst (Patterns). It is pathetic to see how big companies and manufacturers of these products use the ignorance and lack of knowledge of people to make a profit. Unfortunately we cannot victimize ourselves and blame everything on them. We are responsible for what we do and I believe that we should do some research before we buy a product that is obviously not natural at all. Energy drinks are made up of caffeine, taurine, guarana, ginseng, ginkgo, ephedrine, B vitamins and many other sugars. Caffeine is one of the most active ingredients in energy drinks; it is a psychoactive substance found in the beans, leaves and fruit of over 60 plants; it stimulates the nervous and cardiovascular system. Taurine is an amino acid that our body naturally produces, but in energy drinks the taurine is a synthetic element. It helps regulate heartbeat, muscle contractions, and energy levels. Usually our body makes enough so that we don’t need to supplement. Guarana is derived from South America plants and it contains approximately three times more caffeine than coffee beans. It stimulates the central nervous system, cardiac muscle, as well as the respitarory system. B vitamins help convert sugar to energy. Ginseng is an herbal stimulant used to cure, from stress to poor memory to diabetes. Gingko is another herbal stimulant that is used to treat memory loss, headaches, ringing in the ears and depression. Ephedrine is a stimulant, used as a decongestant in treatments of asthma. The chemical structure is similar to amphetamines and methamphetamines. This stimulant is found in weight loss pills, it speeds up metabolism by causing energy that is acquired from food to burn faster. These ingredients do not sound harmful at all. Many of them are natural and even beneficial for our health. So why have energy drinks been banned in a few countries? Lets me now introduce to you the negative sides of all these ingredients. According to Roland Griffiths, a professor in behavioral biology, the amount of caffeine that is necessary to produce dependency and withdrawal symptoms is about 100 milligrams a day. A can of energy drink has 80 to 160 milligrams (Warner). Some of the side effects that the use of caffeine creates are dependency, diarrhea, copious urination and headaches. It also increases the heart rate, blood flow, respiratory rate, and metabolic rate for several hours. Caffeine causes anxiety, irritability, high sensitivity to noise, and self-mutilations. There are four caffeine-induced psychiatric disorders recognized by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition: caffeine-induce anxiety disorder, caffeine-induced sleep disorder, and caffeine-related disorder not otherwise specified (NOS). Caffeine is also associated with a high risk of developing Parkinson’s disease in men. The side-effects that taurine causes are almost the same as caffeine, but many people claim that it kills your heart, since it is found in the central nervous system, skeletal and is more heavily concentrated in heart tissues and the brain. Taurine found in energy drinks is a synthetic vitamin that does not perform the same functions in the human body as vitamins found naturally in whole food nutrients would. These vitamins actually deplete the body of other nutrients, and overstretch your kidneys before being excreted through the urine. The side effects of Ginseng are nervousness, insomnia, and diarrhea. The effects of ginkgo are restlessness, upset stomach, diarrhea, and vomiting. A soft drink usually has 19 to 25 grams of sugar in each eight-ounce serving. Energy drinks on average contain more than this. Red Bull, for example, contains 27 grams of sugar per serving of 250 milliliters (a little over eight ounces). This can be very dangerous, for an overload of sugar can lead to gastric emptying. This often results in nausea and vomiting. As it was stated above each of the ingredients that a energy drink contain have several and powerful side effects when taken separately, imagine how dangerous they be can when taken all at the same time. People are using energy drinks as an alternate for proper rest, nutrition, and exercise like the spokeswoman for the American Dietetic Association, Roberta Anding said (Ellis). Many health problems can develop from the lack of proper rest like a weakened immune system, depression, high blood pressure, obesity, and diabetes. The best substitute of energy drinks is water. Our body is 55 to 75 percent made out of water and its benefits are countless. Water improves energy, increases mental and physical performance, removes toxins and waste products from the body, keeps the skin healthy and glowing, helps to lose weight, reduces headaches and dizziness, helps digestion, helps the heart work better, reduces stress, and prevents urinary tract infections by flushing out impurities from the body. Many people that do not like to drink water can replace the energy drinks with natural juices such as orange which are 87 percent water or by eating cucumbers which are 95 percent water. Milk is another liquid that can replace energy drinks. Milk is our first source of nutrition when we are born; we are fed with this liquid before he can digest other food. Milk is made out of saturated fat, protein, calcium and vitamin C. Saturated fat provides the building blocks for cell membranes and it also acts as a carrier for vitamins A, D, E and K. This fat makes the lungs healthier, prevents stroke, and protects kidneys from diseases. Calcium makes up 70 percent of the bone weight and gives it strength and rigidity. Vitamin C helps the body produce a basic component of connective tissues called collagen. Collagen is an important element in the blood vessel walls, gums, and bones. Vitamin C functions as an antioxidant, it helps boost immune function protects against cancer, cataracts, deterioration of the retina, and other chronic diseases. Nowadays we live in a society that is always on the go and we are always looking for ways to get more energy to be able to get through school, work or any other duties that we may have. But putting our lives in danger by consuming energy drinks is not worth it. The government should definitely do something about it instead of letting some people get rich by the ignorance and lack of knowledge of most of the people that consume these harmful drinks. Works Cited Clayton, Lawrence. Amphetamines and Other Stimulants. New York: The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. , 1998. Ellis, Steven. Energy drinks bubble up. The Christian Science Monitor. 7 June 2007. 20 November 2007 Goldish, Meish. The Dangers of Herbal Stimulants. New York: The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. , 1998. Gustafson, C. J. The Health Benefits Of Drinking Water. 2005. 22 November 2007 Warner, Melanie. A Jolt of Caffeine, by the Can. New York Times 23 Nov. 2005. 20 November 2007.

Samuel Clemens in Buffalo: A Woman and an Artist Essay -- Samuel Cleme

Samuel Clemens in Buffalo: A Woman and an Artist Preface While literary critics and historians alike have thoroughly examined the influence of Samuel Langhorne Clemens’ Missouri boyhood and foreign travels on his writing, scholars outside of Western New York consistently overlook the importance of the eighteen months he spent in Buffalo from August 1869 to March 1871. Though a Buffalo resident for the past twenty years, I was also only vaguely aware that Clemens passed through until Dr. Walter Sharrow of the Canisius College History Department mentioned his local stay. The suggestion that America’s best satirist lived in Buffalo—a location that could provide a contemporary wit with a wide range of material—tickled my historical sensibilities. Nearly immediately, I began to speculate why America’s most famous writer would migrate to Buffalo. After I discarded my first ideas—the weather, the Buffalo Bills, the efficiency and effectiveness of our local political leaders—I concluded it must be because of a woman. Indeed, my early research echoed this assumption, reinforcing my interest in Twain’s experience here and inspiring the first section of this paper. When furthering my research, I developed a second point of interest. Two local scholars, Martin B. Fried and Tom Reigstad both suggest that Buffalo was a major point of transition for Clemens. Fried writes, â€Å"His Buffalo experience, scanted in most biographies, has significance because it was the final stage in a long campaign for an artistic existence free of financial worries and of the burdens of journalistic writing.† This suggestion—that his time in Buffalo inspired his development from humorist and journalist to the novelist who produced Huck Finn—intrigued me de... ...287 _____________. 11 and 13 March 1871.Mark Twain’s Letters, vol. 4, 349-350. Langdon, Olivia. 17 June 1868. Mark Twain’s Letters, vol. 2, 286. Twain, Mark. â€Å"Salutatory,† Buffalo Express. August 21, 1869: reprinted in Joseph B. McCullough and Janice McIntire-Strasburg, Mark Twain and the Buffalo Express, 5. Twain, Mark. â€Å"A General Reply.† Buffalo Express. November 12, 1870: reprinted in Joseph B. McCullough and Janice McIntire-Strasburg, Mark Twain and the Buffalo Express, 254. Secondary Sources Martin B. Fried, â€Å"Mark Twain in Buffalo,† Niagara Frontier 5, no. 4 (Buffalo: Buffalo Historical Society, Winter 1959): 89. Justin Kaplan, Mr. Clemens and Mr. Twain, (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1966), 52. Joseph B. McCullough and Janice McIntire-Strasburg, Mark Twain and the Buffalo Express. DeKalb: Northern Illinois Press: 1999, xix.

Dan-Erik Nilsson: A Research Paper

How truly complex and remarkable structures such as the human eye could evolve has almost always been one of the direst questions that have puzzled biologists around the world. We know that human sight relies on the ability of our eye to be able to form a clear and focused image on the retina. There are many researchers who have studied this issue, most of which who have suggested that prior to the evolution of the lens, there was a â€Å"regulatory link between two tiers of genres, those that would later become responsible for controlling lens development, and those that would help give the lens its special physical properties†¦it is†¦This combination of genes which appears to have then been selected in an early vertebrae during the evolution of its visual system, giving rise to the lens† (Current Biology, 2005). The history of research on this matter is long and extensive, and although there are really no evolutionary biologists known better than Charles Darwin, wh o stated that â€Å"To suppose that the eye, with all its inimitable contrivances for adjusting the focus to different distances, for admitting different amounts of light, and for the correction of spherical and chromatic aberration, could have been formed by natural selection, seems, I freely confess, absurd in the highest possible degree† (Ridley, 2004). There are also many other evolutionary biologists who must be taken into consideration here, one in particular to be referenced in this report, Dan-Erik Nilsson.When it comes to a subject such as evolutionary biology, there are plenty of critics and skeptics that are present in this regards. Through natural selection, there have been many very different types of eyes which have emerged in evolutionary history in general, and for instance Darwin, who was one of the first truly recognized, acknowledged from the start that â€Å"the eye would have been a difficult case for his new theory to explain. Difficult, but not impossi ble.Scientists have come up with scenarios through which the first eye-like structure, a light-sensitive pigmented spot on the skin, could have gone through changes and complexities to form the human eye, with its many parts and astounding abilities† (Evolution Library, 2007). Biologists in general use the range of less complex light sensitive structures that exist in living species today in order to come to hypotheses regarding the various evolutionary stages that eyes may have gone through over time.One evolutionary biologist in general who has sparked much controversy, especially regarding the issue of the evolution of the eye, is Dan-Erik Nilsson. I chose this individual to focus on for this assignment because he has been so renowned and recognized in terms of his contributions to this matter. Specifically, his major contribution to evolution was his demonstration that a primitive optical sense organ could â€Å"evolve into a complex human-like eye within a reasonable per iod (less than a million years) simply through small mutations and natural selection† (Nilsson, 1994). His demonstration involves discussing how the complex human eye could have possibly evolved through natural selection acting on certain and specific, small variations.He began with a simple patch of light sensitive cells, from which his model evolves until a clear image is produced as a result. Nilsson found that â€Å"eyes corresponding to every stage in this sequence have been found in existing living sequences. The existence of this range of less complex light-sensitive structures supports scientists’ hypotheses about how complex eyes like ours could evolve. The first animals with anything resembling an eye lived about 550 million years ago. And, according to one scientist’s calculations, only 364,000 years would have been needed for a camera-like eye to evolve from a light-sensitive patch† (Evolution Library, 2004).It was found from his discoveries th at every change had to confer at least some sort of survival advantage, regardless of how slight each change actually was. Eventually from this what Nilsson found was that eventually the light-sensitive spot evolved into a retina, which is the known term for the layer of cells and pigment at the back of the human eye. Then, â€Å"Over time a lens formed at the front of the eye. It could have arisen as a double-layered transplant tissue containing increasing amounts of liquid that gave it the convex curvature of the human eye† (Evolution Library, 2007).I agree with Nilsson’s views because he shows in all of his work how much time and consideration he has put into the matter and he has solid, concrete proof behind every one of his theories. His life in retrospect also solidifies him as an intelligent, reliable evolutionary biologist, and also his work involving Darwin’s theories, as Nilsson and fellow evolutionary biologists worked to basically disprove many of hi s known theories. In particular they simulated a model of the eye to find out how difficult evolution really is. Nilsson allowed the shape of the model eye to change at random, in steps of no more than 1% change at a time.â€Å"The model eye then evolved in the computer, with each new generation formed from the optically superior eyes in the previous generation; changes that made the optics worse were rejected, as selection would reject them in nature†¦The work illustrates the value of building models to test our institutions† (Ridley, 2004). Nilsson’s research has absolutely had a great and significant impact on the field of evolutionary biology because his theories have all been so new and innovative and incredibly sufficient of proving that there is in fact an evolution of the eye.Overall from this report we can conclude a number of things, in particular that over his life Dan-Erik Nilsson made some seriously significant contributions to the field through his w ork in the evolution of the eye theories, and this is not only on his own but in accompaniment with other evolutionary biologists as well.ReferencesCurrent Biology, Vol. 15, Pages 1684-1689, September 20, 2006. DOI10.1016/j.cub.2005.08.046Evolution Library. (2007). Evolution of the Eye. Retrieved September 21, 2007, fromhttp://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/01/1/l_011_01.htmlNilsson, Dan-E. (1994). â€Å"Beware of Pseudo-Science: A Response to David Berlinkski’s Attackon my Calculation of how Long it Takes for an Eye to Evolve†. Talk Reason. Dan-Erik Nilsson: A Research Paper How truly complex and remarkable structures such as the human eye could evolve has almost always been one of the direst questions that have puzzled biologists around the world. We know that human sight relies on the ability of our eye to be able to form a clear and focused image on the retina. There are many researchers who have studied this issue, most of which who have suggested that prior to the evolution of the lens, there was a â€Å"regulatory link between two tiers of genres, those that would later become responsible for controlling lens development, and those that would help give the lens its special physical properties†¦it is†¦This combination of genes which appears to have then been selected in an early vertebrae during the evolution of its visual system, giving rise to the lens† (Current Biology, 2005).The history of research on this matter is long and extensive, and although there are really no evolutionary biologists known better than Charles Darwin, who stated that â€Å"To suppose that the eye, with all its inimitable contrivances for adjusting the focus to different distances, for admitting different amounts of light, and for the correction of spherical and chromatic aberration, could have been formed by natural selection, seems, I freely confess, absurd in the highest possible degree† (Ridley, 2004). There are also many other evolutionary biologists who must be taken into consideration here, one in particular to be referenced in this report, Dan-Erik Nilsson.When it comes to a subject such as evolutionary biology, there are plenty of critics and skeptics that are present in this regards. Through natural selection, there have been many very different types of eyes which have emerged in evolutionary history in general, and for instance Darwin, who was one of the first truly recognized, acknowledged from the start that â€Å"the eye would have been a difficult case for his new theory to explain. Difficult, but not impossib le. Scientists have come up with scenarios through which the first eye-like structure, a light-sensitive pigmented spot on the skin, could have gone through changes and complexities to form the human eye, with its many parts and astounding abilities† (Evolution Library, 2007). Biologists in general use the range of less complex light sensitive structures that exist in living species today in order to come to hypotheses regarding the various evolutionary stages that eyes may have gone through over time.One evolutionary biologist in general who has sparked much controversy, especially regarding the issue of the evolution of the eye, is Dan-Erik Nilsson. I chose this individual to focus on for this assignment because he has been so renowned and recognized in terms of his contributions to this matter. Specifically, his major contribution to evolution was his demonstration that a primitive optical sense organ could â€Å"evolve into a complex human-like eye within a reasonable per iod (less than a million years) simply through small mutations and natural selection† (Nilsson, 1994). His demonstration involves discussing how the complex human eye could have possibly evolved through natural selection acting on certain and specific, small variations.He began with a simple patch of light sensitive cells, from which his model evolves until a clear image is produced as a result. Nilsson found that â€Å"eyes corresponding to every stage in this sequence have been found in existing living sequences. The existence of this range of less complex light-sensitive structures supports scientists’ hypotheses about how complex eyes like ours could evolve. The first animals with anything resembling an eye lived about 550 million years ago.And, according to one scientist’s calculations, only 364,000 years would have been needed for a camera-like eye to evolve from a light-sensitive patch† (Evolution Library, 2004). It was found from his discoveries th at every change had to confer at least some sort of survival advantage, regardless of how slight each change actually was. Eventually from this what Nilsson found was that eventually the light-sensitive spot evolved into a retina, which is the known term for the layer of cells and pigment at the back of the human eye. Then, â€Å"Over time a lens formed at the front of the eye. It could have arisen as a double-layered transplant tissue containing increasing amounts of liquid that gave it the convex curvature of the human eye† (Evolution Library, 2007).I agree with Nilsson’s views because he shows in all of his work how much time and consideration he has put into the matter and he has solid, concrete proof behind every one of his theories. His life in retrospect also solidifies him as an intelligent, reliable evolutionary biologist, and also his work involving Darwin’s theories, as Nilsson and fellow evolutionary biologists worked to basically disprove many of hi s known theories. In particular they simulated a model of the eye to find out how difficult evolution really is. Nilsson allowed the shape of the model eye to change at random, in steps of no more than 1% change at a time.â€Å"The model eye then evolved in the computer, with each new generation formed from the optically superior eyes in the previous generation; changes that made the optics worse were rejected, as selection would reject them in nature†¦The work illustrates the value of building models to test our institutions† (Ridley, 2004). Nilsson’s research has absolutely had a great and significant impact on the field of evolutionary biology because his theories have all been so new and innovative and incredibly sufficient of proving that there is in fact an evolution of the eye.Overall from this report we can conclude a number of things, in particular that over his life Dan-Erik Nilsson made some seriously significant contributions to the field through his w ork in the evolution of the eye theories, and this is not only on his own but in accompaniment with other evolutionary biologists as well.ReferencesCurrent Biology, Vol. 15, Pages 1684-1689, September 20, 2006. DOI10.1016/j.cub.2005.08.046Evolution Library. (2007). Evolution of the Eye. Retrieved September 21, 2007, fromhttp://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/01/1/l_011_01.htmlNilsson, Dan-E. (1994). â€Å"Beware of Pseudo-Science: A Response to David Berlinkski’s Attackon my Calculation of how Long it Takes for an Eye to Evolve†. Talk Reason.Ridley, M. (2004). Evolution of the Eye. Retrieved September 21, 2007, fromhttp://www.blackwellpublishing.com/ridley/a-z/Evolution_of_the_eye.asp

Decreasing Animal Euthanasia

Animal Euthanasia is looked at in many different aspects and can be seen as a beneficial act or completely evil. Some may need to euthanize their animal for health issues, while others are just euthanizing their animal because they can't take care of them and nobody is willing to adopt. Euthanasia occurs daily, with innocent animals losing their lives because of our local animal shelters being over-crowded. Why is this? Well, many adopters are not responsible enough to take care of their animals in general, along with getting them spayed and neutered. Approximately 5 to 7 millions animals enter animal shelters annually, and about 3 to 4 million end up euthanized. (ASPCA, n. d. ) This is a prime example of a huge issue that needs to be paid attention to. These animals are having to lose their lives not because they are cruel, dangerous animals, but simply that our shelters are not big enough, and our adoption rates aren't high enough, and adoptive families aren't being forced to get their pets spayed and neutered to slow down the animal population. Spaying and neutering your pet will decrease the amount of euthanasia occurring in not only our hometown shelters, but throughout the United States as well. Adoptive families have the normal application along with reference checks and landlords if they are current renters. But is this enough to really know if someone is able to take care of an animal? Shouldn't there be a much more guided policy with strict enforcement on who adopts along with a signature to make sure at the right age, if applicable, they spay or neuter their newest addition to the family? We need to make a stand against how many animals go in and out of shelters and homes, then end up being killed because of a humans actions. It just isn't fair. Animal euthanasia occurs nationwide. Do you have an animal at home? Do you consider your pet a family member, or companion that you would be ashamed to lose? If you feel that way, its best to Decreasing Animal Euthanasia Page 3 be sure you spay and neuter your loved pets because if not, their liters could end up in the hands of wrong families, maybe not intentionally, but to families that may end up realizing they can't handle that pet, and bringing it to the shelter. Though it's only recommended that orphan animals stay a minimum of 5 days, before or after those 5 days that animal could be euthanized solely because of the caretaker, not that the animal was harmful or ill. (How Long.. Sleep? , n. d. ) According to the ASPCA, 60% of animals entering shelters in the United States are euthanized and around 4 million are euthanized simply because of shelter overcrowding. (Shelter, September, 2011. ) We have a huge issue here. This is the same as the homeless people we have on the streets today, its only going to progress! We need to take a stand and make shelter for these animals. We need to expand our shelters, and if not, maybe start spay and neuter clinics for a very low cost so more people can willingly come get their animals fixed to slow down the population of animals born each day. With almost 5,000,000 pets being destroyed annually, 13,700 daily, 570 hourly, and 10 animals each minute, within the time it took just to read part of this paper, multiple animals have been euthaniased. Animal League, n. d. ) Now think, if majority of those animals or at least half had been spayed and neutered, that would have led those numbers to be split in half, all because of a simple spay and neuter process that adoptive families are slacking to accomplish out of lack of concern. If the plan is to not spay or neuter your animal, plan to treat that animal as your own blood. When that animal ends up pregnant, the responsbility comes back on you. Same as the pregnancies today. Females take a birth control to avoid unwanted pregnancies, thats the pet owners responsibility to keep their animal from pregnancy as they can't go to the vet and pay to get it done themselves! After doing some research I have found that there are other supporters other than myself trying to make an end to this animal euthanasia for innocent animals. Fosterspot. com is a website that was Decreasing Animal Euthanasia Page 4 designed for stopping euthanasia to healthy animals and making this website a nation-wide network of fostering families. I thought this was a great idea because of the fact that some adoptive families are picky for what type of cat or dog for example they are looking for. On this website, people not only from our hometown would know what we have at our local shelters, but anyone interested in certain types of animals could see where they were available! Not only can we just simply adopt to stop euthanasia and its daily occurrences, we could also try to have a local fundraiser or charity fund to expand our local shelter. We would speak to the president of the animal shelter and work together with the shelter on this. If expansion wasn't a possibility, we could also help by spreading the word of adoption, along with being a volunteer at your local shelter if time permits. Any help in the humane society field would help! Also, helping fund/collect animal food so the shelter can put more money towards expansion or other plans that are more costly. Another big issue and something to promote, is getting adoptive families to spay and neuter their animals. Yes, its true that spay and neutering your animals is not cheap, though many people don't know that there are alternatives and ways to receive low-cost spaying and neutering. The Humane Society of The United States promotes a low cost alternative on their website where you can enter your zip code to find places close to you. (Humane Society of The United States, n. d) Luckily, our community of Waterville in Maine has our local humane society that offers low-cost spaying and neutering prices! If we could get the word out there on how crucial it is for families to bring their pets in for this procedure, not only would this help euthanasia statistics, but also the adoptive families in the long run of dealing with a pregnant female dog or cat in their household! They then would have to deal with a liter and getting rid of them, which isn't always as easy as people presume it to be! Spaying and neutering household pets not only keeps away from unwanted pregnancies, but has Decreasing Animal Euthanasia Page 5 other benefits as well! This keeps animals alive longer, have a healthier life, along with saving the adoptive family from frustration as well. Things like breast cancer or dangerous uterine infections in females or testicular cancer in males can be reduced or eliminated all together. Also, messy heat cycles in female animals aren't a very joyous experience. Yet many people complain of the cost of getting animals spayed and neutered but getting pets spayed and neutered will eliminate that extra expence for food or vet services in the event of an unexpected liter of kittens or puppies. So whats more worth it? Finding a low cost clinic and getting pets spayed and neutered or waiting for pregnancy to happen which in turn can be ten times the amount of a simple spay and neuter procedure! Following spaying and neutering household pets, its also important to make sure the animal can be identified because sometimes animals stray away and end up not coming home, which in turn either the foster family looks for the animal and calls local shelters if the animal has been found, or they just aren't concerned. This in turn also causes overcrowding in shelters, due to lack of care on the families end. Making sure that these pets are wearing an identification tag, including the foster families name, address and phone number would eliminate that part of the animals being put in shelters. Also, don't assume that indfoor pets don't need tags because many strays in shelters actually are told to be indoor animals that escaped. (Animal Shelter Euthanasia) One thing that I think I will always wonder if why animal euthanasia is legal, but human euthanasia is not. We don't take our homeless population and kill them because there is no place for them to go. Euthanizing an animal who is suffering and should be put out of misery is fine, but a human is not? If someone is suffering so much no matter from what the circumstances may be, we are either drugging the patient up to not feel the pain as much, or just letting them deal with it everyday. Euthanasia in humans is not permitted, even in the most extreme cases, though animals are being euthanized for simply having no place to stay, or being cramped in a kennel. It makes me think of Decreasing Animal Euthanasia Page 6 something like suicide and how people have to suffer to end their lives, or suffer simply in a hospital bed getting infused with all kinds of drugs. Whats the point of life when you've reached those limits? If animal euthanasia is permitted, I believe human euthanasia should too. Working in the medical field and pursuing my degree as a registered nurse, I see many patients suffer and their lives being just a miserable mess, along with the family dealing with seeing their loved ones suffer. Sure, some people have to suffer in order to get better, and then they can be back to normal some day, though others may not ever be able to communicate again, to walk again. I think with our freedom we have today, we should have the right to be euthanized if we are in severe sufferage and prefer to just go on to the after life. We are the voice for these animals though. We are their protectors and we are the ones who have to make their decisions. Euthanizing an animal simply because it would cause crowding in shelters, or because of adoptive families not following through on getting the pet spayed and neutered is just disturbing. I think that if we take these steps together, along with having others proceed on this issue with us, there will be more awareness and more information put out there. It truly is the only way to really get something across is to spread the word, and never give up on your beliefs and your goals and achievements. These innocent animals deserve a life just as you or I do. We all have one precious life, and once its taken, we never can get it back. People may not look at animals as an importance, but they are here for reasons, just as we as humans are. Animal euthanasia is immoral and wrong and I know that if you feel as strongly about animals as I do, you will do whats in your will power to help decrease animal euthanasia in your community. Wither you can make a big impact, or small, it really all balances out and everyone matters. It's about coming together and making a change for the better. So today is the day to take a stand and make a change. Go and get your pet spayed and neutered along with spreading the word and letting others know the importance of this matter. In the end it benefits more than just the Decreasing Animal Euthanasia Page 7 animal, but also yourself as you can be rest assured you made your impact on this issue.Reference Page Animal Shelter Euthanasia. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.americanhumane.org/animals/stop-animal-abuse/fact-sheets/animal-shelter-euthanasia.html ASPCA | Pet Statistics. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.aspca.org/about-us/faq/pet-statistics.aspx How Long Do Animal Shelters Keep Animals Before Putting Them to Sleep? | eHow. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.ehow.com/facts_7404543_long-animals-before-putting-sleep_.html Reducing Euthanasia – North Shore Animal League America. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.animalleague.org/about-us/how-we-help/reducing-euthanasia.html Shelter Animal Euthanasia Could End With Help From National Foster Home Network — CYPRESS, Texas, Sept. 14, 2011 /PRNewswire/ –. (n.d.). Retrieved fromhttp://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/shelter-animal-euthanasia-could-end-with-help-from-national-foster-home-network-129786818.html You Can Afford to Have Your Pet Spayed or Neutered : The Humane Society of the United States. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.humanesociety.org/issues/pet_overpopulation/tips/afford_spay_neuter.html

Construction Projects Success Factors

Construction Projects Success Factors Title Construction projects succeed as a result of interaction and interplay of factors such as understanding of client complexity, emergent requirements, and perceptions of different stakeholders in the construction industry.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Construction Projects Success Factors specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Background Construction projects are regarded to be either ‘successful’ or ‘failed’ differently by different stakeholders in the construction industry. Perceptions among the key stakeholders in the industry, mostly the practitioners and the clients, continue to differ, a fact that affects many construction projects. For instance, projects that have been considered failed by the practitioners have received positive response from clients where such projects are seen to be success by the clients (Thomson 2011). This difference in perception has been captured in one major research work in the industry carried out by Derek Thomson who found out that construction practitioners tend to view a project to be successful when such project has the ability to meet the client’s requirements, largely formulated and outlined during the commencement of a project (Thomson 2011). As a result, such projects lack stakeholders’ contribution and enrichment of the initial outlined requirements as the project progress, a situation that leads to many clients viewing such projects as failed (Rowlinson and Cheung 2008 cited in Thomson 2011). What construction practitioners fail to understand or internalize by adopting this approach is that, by ignoring client dialogue, there is little under-utilization and appreciation of constructive and potential emerging solutions largely developed from the client’s socially constructed perception of the improved understanding of construction requirements. On overall, the construction industry heavily relies on performance goals and metrics formulated as the project takes off (Chan 2003). However, in the modern world where there is increasing growth of stakeholders in the construction industry, there is rise of clash of perception, as the theory of social construct would postulate.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There is need to recognize that the emerging and increasing client judgments regarding the success or failure of construction projects is heavily impacting the construction industry and it cannot be ignored. As a result, in the recent times there have been suggestions that construction practitioners need to change their long time perception on the success of projects and in turn incorporate the views of multiple stakeholders in the industry, specifically the views of the clients. This is not only important but necessary given that identifying and appreciati ng client awareness of projects improves as projects progress. Given the above understanding this research will investigate the issue of changing perception of key stakeholders in the construction industry and how and how such perception change impact the construction projects. Objectives of the research will premise on the need for the construction practitioners to identify new project success goals apart from the initials ones; formalized time cost and performance goals. Also, there will be effort to study and explain why the construction practitioners need to recognize the client awareness of requirements as past research work indicate that such requirements improves as projects progress (Thomson 2011). Further, there will be need to show that existence of internal conflict involving multiple client stakeholders should form the basis upon which construction practitioners are able to identify ad implement emerging project solutions that fulfills clients needs requirements. Purpose statement It has been identified that in the construction industry specifically for the construction practitioners, there has been huge reliance on performance metrics that initially are fixed during the onset of the project (Saqib, Farooqui, and Lodi 2008). As a result, there exists misunderstanding or divergent perception between the construction practitioners and the multiple key stakeholders. Divergence in perception particularly arise from the fact that, majority of clients in construction industry consider a project that is perceived to have failed by practitioners in terms of formalized time, cost and performance goals as success if such project is able to satisfy emergent requirements that were not understood during the initial briefing (Chan 2003).Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Construction Projects Success Factors specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Arising from this scenario is the fact that many pra ctitioners have failed or have ignored to recognize that client awareness of requirements improves as work on construction projects goes on. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to employ both primary and secondary research tools in investigating how the understanding of client complexity, emergent requirements, and perceptions of different stakeholders by construction practitioners can result in the success of a construction project. By understanding client complexity, emergent requirements, and perceptions of different stakeholders in the construction industry, this research will be proposing some of the policy requirements that can be adopted in the construction industry. It is anticipated that the policy proposals will adequately capture the need requirements of client stakeholders while at the same time inform and equip construction practitioners with the necessary knowledge of the emerging changes in the construction industry. Research Questions Research questions arise from the purpose and aim of the research paper as outlined and explained above. Therefore, below are research questions that will guide this research paper. How do construction practitioners regard a project to be success or failure? How do client stakeholders perceive a project to be successful or failed? How adequate can internal conflict among client stakeholders and their reflection on projects help construction practitioners develop solutions that fulfill clients’ needs? How appropriate is factors such as understanding client complexity, emergent requirements and perceptions help in project success? Literature Review It has become apparent that defining project success in construction industry is posing problems to many people (Saqib, Farooqui, and Lodi, 2008). Numerous views in form of probable definitions have been provided by various researchers of what project success constitute. For instance, in a research carried out by Lim and Mohamed in 1999, it was identified that construction success is linked to customer stakeholders (cited in Thomson 2011). According to this view, construction success in terms of customer stakeholder’s perspective is premised in macro evaluation of the building’s social acceptance together with the performance.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On their part, practitioner’s view of project success is captured through micro evaluation of key aspects of functional, physical, or sometimes financial objectives (Thomson 2011). Given these divergent perception and definition of project success, it should not be forgotten that in both scenarios of defining success by both stakeholders, success is defined with regard to project’s fulfillment of acceptable criteria. The above perspectives of defining or explaining project success within the construction industry have been regarded to exhibit shortcomings manifested with lack of explicit and measurable quality criteria and due to lack of objective and universal quality standards (Dewulf and Van Meel 2004 cited in Thomson 2011). Another researcher, Nicholas (2004) suggested through field research that the traditional definition of project success in construction industry is limited since it only defines project success in terms of budget, schedule, and performance metri cs (Chan 2003; Arslan and Kivrak 2008). This definition ignores or bypasses the client stakeholder’s needs that are largely manifested in attitudes, practices, and structures. More perspectives on the definition of project success have been explored by other numerous researchers. Bryde and Robinson (2005) suggested that definition of project success should dwell much on tangible and cost success factors instead of other factors (cited in Thomson 2011). At the same time, the researchers noted that this kind of definition should further be ingrained in defining project success by focusing more on satisfying the procuring stakeholder. This definition was acknowledged and enriched by Murphy in 1974 where through research; it was noted that project success should be built on client satisfaction (cited in Thomson 2011). Moreover, clients appear satisfied when a project manifests characteristics of good coordination of collaborators, avoidance of initial over-optimism and clarity of success factors (Thomson 2011). On his part, Alvesson et al. (2009) captured the issue of client pluralistic by suggesting that clients are pluralistic, that is to say, clients are â€Å"more or less heterogeneous assemblages of actors interests and inclinations whose identity must be constructed so that stakeholders can be identified by solution providers† (cited in Thomson 2011, p.70). Given this position, it has become clear that solving client complexity is transferable specifically when client ambiguity and complexity s identified. Nevertheless, other researchers have concluded that there is lack of general consensus as to what exactly can constitute project success in construction industry (Shenhar and Dvir 2001 cited in Thomson 2011). Rodriguez-Repiso et al. (2007) went ahead with research work to observe that emergent views in construction projects should surpass formal goals guiding the project (cited in Thomson 2011). Overall lesson arising from the findings of the research work by the various researchers is that the success of construction projects is likely not to be realized if projects put more focus on performance and little directed towards people issues. This can particularly be borrowed from the business perspective of defining project success where success is perceived to depend on the ability of actors to modify goals during the life-time of projects instead of sticking to the onset project goals (Arslan and Kivrak 2008; Thomson 2011). As a fact project success in construction industry need to fulfill customer satisfaction, which in turn need to be evaluated largely by stakeholders’ value judgment. Such value judgment emanates from stakeholders’ values, experience, expectations, and not success factor targets (Thomson 2011). Methodology The purpose of this research project is to investigate and study how the understanding of client complexity, emergent requirements, and perceptions of different stakeholders by construc tion practitioners can result in the success of construction projects. This section will explain the research methodology that will be utilized. The methodology for this research project was chosen in correlation with the research questions and purpose of the research (Strauss and Corbin 1998). Target population for the study includes client stakeholders and practitioner stakeholders that are actively involved in construction industry. Active involvement is defined as the stakeholders who are involved in construction projects and who are impacted by the results of the projects (Babbie 2010). However, the working population for this research project includes those stakeholders from the target population that are prepared to participate in the questionnaire process (Babbie 2010). Data collection Data will be collected from both primary and secondary sources, in the case of the primary data questionnaires will be formulated whereby they will be distributed among the target population. Secondary data will be collected from available researches done by various scholars in the topic as literature reviews. Research design The research methodology for the proposed research includes a combination of quantitative and qualitative analysis: the quantitative section will involve the analysis of the responses obtained from the questionnaire surveys and the qualitative section will be based on a critical analysis of the responses obtained from the direct interviews. Sampling processes suggests that probability sampling is appropriate for the next step of the research (Babbie 2010). The sampling methodology includes a multistage sampling process that uses a stratified random sample of the firms’ identified in the working population during the research. The use of random sampling is important to avoid bias in the selection process. The qualitative information obtained from the interview will be organized on a nominal scale and the respondents will be required to rate th e extent of what project success or failure is within the construction industry. Moreover, the questionnaires will include an interval scale in an attempt to make the analysis more precise and the respondents will be required to choose between the categories included in the interval scale. Data Analysis Data will be analyzed using Microsoft Excel, 2010 version. Various pivot tables will be used for cross tabulation and other statistical data will be accomplished using different Function tools within Excel. Conclusion Construction industry is expanding at a faster rate (Arslan and Kivrak 2008) and success in any construction project can no longer be defined from the practitioners’ stand of view. To avoid conflicts from arising in the definition and perception of key stakeholders as to what constitute project success, there is need to carry out an informed and deep research as to what comprise project from the practitioners and clients stand point of view. In this way this rese arch project will employ both quantitative and qualitative research tools in investigating and studying how the understanding of client complexity, emergent requirements and perceptions of different stakeholders results in project success in the construction industry. Given that scant research work exist in this area this particular research will be instrumental in formulation and implementation of key policies n the industry to realize flu satisfaction of clients needs. Mind Map for construction project proposal Reference List Arslan, G. and Kivrak, S., 2008. Critical factors to company success in the construction industry. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology. Web. Available from: waset.org/journals/waset/v45/v45-9.pdf . Babbie, E. R., 2010. The Practice of Social Research. OH: Cengage Learning. Web. Available from: https://books.google.com/books?id=QySynvetGQICpg=PA199dq=study+populationhl=enei=1OsyTu_DIs6w8QPdnMihDgsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=1ved=0CCsQ6AE wAA#v=onepageq=study%20populationf=false . Chan, A.P., 2003. ‘Framework for measuring success of construction projects’. School of Construction Management and Property, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia. Web. Available from: http://eprints.qut.edu.au/26531/1/2001-003-C-01_Framework_for_Measuring_Success.pdf . Saqib, M., Farooqui RU., and Lodi, SH., 2008. ‘Assessment of critical success factors for construction projects in Pakistan’. Research Paper presented at the First International Conference on Construction in Developing Countries, Karachi, Pakistan. Web. Available from: neduet.edu.pk/ICCIDC-I/Conference%20Proceedings/Papers/041.pdf . Strauss, AL and Corbin, JM., 1998. Basics of qualitative research: techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory. NY: SAGE. Web. Available from: https://books.google.com/books?id=wTwYUnHYsmMCprintsec=frontcoverdq=qualitative+research+techniqueshl=enei=PPoyTtDgKY_C8QOh0_WgDgsa=Xoi=book_resul tct=resultresnum=2sqi=2ved=0CDAQ6AEwAQ#v=onepageqf=false . Thomson, D., 2011. A pilot study of client complexity, emergent requirements and stakeholder perceptions of project success. Journal of Construction Management and Economics, Vol.29, No.1, pp.69-82. [Attached notes].